Proteinuria en habitantes de una aldea costera de Santa Rosa, Guatemala / Proteinuria in inhabitants of a coastal village of Santa Rosa, Guatemala

Objetivo: determinar la presencia de proteinuria en habitantes de una aldea de la región costera de Santa Rosa, Guatemala, julio del año 2019. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal, en una muestra de 575 habitantes de la aldea Casas Viejas, captada por durante cuatro jornadas médicas. Las muestras de orina fueron analizadas con tiras reactivas. Resultados: de los habitantes que participaron, 55.48 % (319) fueron de sexo femenino, la mediana de edad fue de 24 años, el 39.820% (229) estudiante y el 85.2 % (490) sin antecedentes patológicos. De los factores predisponentes de enfermedad renal, el 56.170% (323) consume antiinflamatorios no esteroideo -AINES-, el 82.26 % (473) bebidas carbonatadas, el 13.570% (78) bebidas alcohólicas; la mediana de consumo de agua fue de 6 vasos diarios y 13.22 % (76) han estado expuestos a agroquímicos. Proteinuria se documentó en 8.87 % (51) de los habitantes. Conclusiones: más de la mitad de los sujeto de estudio son de sexo femenino y sin antecedentes patológicos; de los factores predisponentes a enfermedad renal los más frecuentes son el consumo de -AINES-, bebidas carbonatadas y la hidratación inadecuada. Nueve de cada cien sujetos de estudio presentan proteinuria.

Objetive: to establish urine protein presence in inhabitants of a small village of the coastal region in Santa Rosa, Guatemala. July 2019. Material y methods: Descriptive and transversal study performed on 575 persons from Casas Viejas village, using a nonprobabilistic sampling. Proteinuria was determined by urine test strips. Results: Of the persons studied, 55.48% (319) were female, mean age was 24 years old, 39.82% (229) were students and 85.25% had no pathological background. Predisposing factors of kidney disease were noted, 56.17% (323) consumed Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), 82.26% (473) consumed carbonated drinks, 13.57% (78) alcoholic beverages, the mean water consumption was 6 glasses per day, and 13.22% (76), were exposed to agrochemical pesticides. Proteinuria was found in 8.87% (51) of the sample. Conclutions: more than half of population were female and didn´t showed pathological signs. Predisposing factors to kidney disease were, frequent NSAIDs use, carbonated drinks consumption a no adequate hydration. Nine of each one hundred people studied presented urine protein.

Prescripción de fármacos bloqueadores del sistema renina angiotensina en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica etapa 3 en atención primaria de salud / Prescription of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease

Background: To reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular risk, the guidelines recommend the blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with proteinuria. Aim: To assess the frequency of enalapril or losartan use in diabetics or hypertensive patients with stage 3 CKD. Material and Methods: Review of clinical records of patients with CKD in an urban primary care clinic. Results: We identified 408 subjects aged 40 to 98 years (66% women) with stage 3 CKD. Sixty six percent had only hypertension and 34% were diabetic with or without hypertension. Seventy four percent received RAAS blockers (52% used enalapril, 45% losartan and 2% both medications). RAAS blockers were used in 70% of hypertensive and 78% of diabetic patients. The prescription in hypertensive diabetics with microalbuminuria was lower than in those without microalbuminuria (72% vs 87%, p < 0.05), but the opposite occurred in pure hypertensive patients with and without microalbuminuria (88% vs 69%, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood pressure levels, microalbuminuria or serum potassium levels between RAAS blocker users and non-users. No differences were observed either between enalapril and losartan users. Conclusions: The adherence to clinical guidelines is insufficient and users of the recommended drugs did not achieve the expected goals.

Anti-interleukin-1 treatment among patients with familial Mediterranean fever resistant to colchicine treatment. Retrospective analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Up to 5% of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) cases are unresponsive to colchicine, through resistance, side effects and toxicity. Anakinra is an alternative treatment for FMF patients whose disease remains uncontrolled with colchicine. We aimed to evaluate anti-interleukin-1 treatment regarding clinical findings, laboratory parameters and quality of life (QoL) among FMF patients presenting resistance and toxicity towards colchicine. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive observational study at the rheumatology clinic, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, Aydın, Turkey. METHODS: Among the patients included, age, sex, MEFV genotypes, acute-phase reactants, hepatic/renal function tests, average colchicine dose, disease duration, attack frequency, attack duration, disease severity, proteinuria, amyloidosis and QoL were evaluated. Colchicine resistance was defined as > 6 typical episodes/year or > 3 per 4-6 months. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and two-way analysis of variance tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2017, 14 FMF patients receiving anakinra were enrolled. The mean colchicine dose was 1.7 ± 0.3 mg/day before use of anakinra. Ten patients were attack-free after treatment, while three showed reductions of at least 50% in attack frequency, attack duration and disease severity. Proteinuria levels in all patients with renal amyloidosis decreased after treatment. QoL among patients with renal amyloidosis differed significantly from QoL among non-amyloidosis patients. Mean visual analogue scale scores significantly improved in both groups after use of anakinra. CONCLUSIONS: Use of anakinra reduced attack frequency and proteinuria and acute-phase reactant levels, and improved QoL, with only a few uncomplicated side effects among colchicine-resistant or intolerant FMF patients. Injection-site reactions of severity insufficient to require discontinuation of treatment were seen.

Alteraciones urinarias en niños con primera infección urinaria e infección urinaria recurrente / Urinary disorders in children with first urinary infection and recurrent urinary tract infection

Introducción: las infecciones del tracto urinario son un problema frecuente en la población pediátrica. La infección del tracto urinario recurrente tiene mayor riesgo de cicatrices renales y daño glomerular. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de hematuria, presencia de proteínas en orina, elevación en tensión arterial y hallazgos ecográficos en pacientes pediátricos desde 1 mes hasta 14 años de edad, con diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado entre octubre de 2014 y febrero de 2016, en pacientes que asistieron al servicio de urgencias pediátricas del Hospital de San José, con diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 125 pacientes con infección del tracto urinario, la mediana de edad fue de 2,75 años, más frecuente en mujeres (75,2 por ciento) y la mayoría recibió tratamiento intrahospitalario (58,4 por ciento). Se observó que en el grupo de infección del tracto urinario recurrente fue más frecuente el hallazgo de hematuria, que en la infección del tracto urinario primer episodio (21,9 vs. 11,8 por ciento), al igual que las malformaciones renales (32,0 vs. 14,5 %). En la tensión arterial no se observaron grandes diferencias entre los grupos, con una frecuencia de tensión arterial elevada en hospitalizados de 19,6 por ciento para primer episodio, y 18,2 por ciento en recurrentes. La presencia anormal de proteínas en orina fue de 35,4 por ciento en el grupo de infección del tracto urinario primer episodio. Conclusiones: son frecuentes la presencia de hematuria, malformaciones renales y elevación de la tensión arterial en pacientes con infección del tracto urinario. Se encuentra una frecuencia inusual de pacientes con elevación de la presión arterial y proteínas en orina, probablemente por falsos positivos. Se debe insistir en seguimiento ambulatorio del uroanálisis y la tensión arterial, para garantizar que esta se normalice o para detectar daños permanentes(AU)

Introduction: urinary tract infections are a frequent problem in the pediatric population. Recurrent urinary tract infection has a higher risk of kidney scars and glomerular damage. Objective: to describe frequency of hematuria, presence of proteins in urine, increase of blood pressure, and ultrasound findings in pediatric patients from 1 month to 14 years old with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from October 2014 to February 2016, in patients who attended the pediatric emergency´s service of the Hospital of San José with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Results: 125 patients with urinary tract infection were diagnosed, the median age was 2.75 years, it was more frequent in women (75.2 percent) and the majority of them received intrahospital treatment (58.4 percent). It was observed that in the recurrent urinary tract infection group the finding of hematuria was more frequent, than in the group of urinary tract infection as a first episode (21.9 vs. 11.8 percent), as well as the renal malformations (32,0 vs. 14.5percent). In blood pressure, there were no large differences among the groups, with a rate of high blood pressure frequency in hospitalized patients of 19.6 percent for first episode, and 18.2 percent in recurrent patients. The abnormal presence of proteins in urine was of 35.4 percent in the group of urinary tract infection first episode(AU) Conclusions: the presence of hematuria, renal malformations and increase of blood pressure in patients with urinary tract infection are frequent. There is an unusual frequency of patients with high blood pressure and proteins in the urine, probably due to false positives. It must be addressed the ambulatory monitoring of urinalysis and blood pressure to ensure that it normalizes or to detect permanent damage

Clinical outcomes and survival in AA amyloidosis patients / Desfechos clínicos e sobrevida em pacientes com amiloidose AA

Abstract Aim Amyloid A amyloidosis is a rare complication of chronic inflammatory conditions. Most patients with amyloid A amyloidosis present with nephropathy and it leads to renal failure and death. We studied clinical characteristics and survival in patients with amyloid A amyloidosis. Methods: A total of 81 patients (51 males, 30 females) with renal biopsy proven amyloid A amyloidosis were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into good and poor outcomes groups according to survival results. Results: Most of the patients (55.6%) had nephrotic range proteinuria at diagnosis. Most frequent underlying disorders were familial Mediterranean fever (21.2%) and rheumatoid arthritis (10.6%) in the good outcome group and malignancy (20%) in the poor outcome group. Only diastolic blood pressure in the good outcome group and phosphorus level in the poor outcome group was higher. Serum creatinine levels increased after treatment in both groups, while proteinuria in the good outcome group decreased. Increase in serum creatinine and decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate of the poor outcome group were more significant in the good outcome group. At the time of diagnosis 18.5% and 27.2% of all patients had advanced chronic kidney disease (stage 4 and 5, respectively). Median duration of renal survival was 65 ± 3.54 months. Among all patients, 27.1% were started dialysis treatment during the follow-up period and 7.4% of all patients underwent kidney transplantation. Higher levels of systolic blood pressure [hazard ratios 1.03, 95% confidence interval: 1-1.06, p = 0.036], serum creatinine (hazard ratios 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.46, p = 0.006) and urinary protein excretion (hazard ratios 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.16, p = 0.027) were predictors of end-stage renal disease. Median survival of patients with organ involvement was 50.3 ± 16 months. Conclusion Our study indicated that familial Mediterranean fever constituted a large proportion of cases and increased number of patients with idiopathic amyloid A amyloidosis. Additionally, it was observed that patient survival was not affected by different etiological causes in amyloid A amyloidosis.

Resumo Objetivo: A amiloidose AA é uma complicação rara de condições inflamatórias crônicas. A maior parte dos pacientes com amiloidose AA apresenta nefropatia, que leva à insuficiência renal e à morte. Estudaram-se as características clínicas e a sobrevida em pacientes com amiloidose AA. Métodos: Analisaram-se retrospectivamente 81 pacientes (51 homens, 30 mulheres) com amiloidose AA comprovada por biópsia renal. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos de desfecho bom e ruim de acordo com os resultados de sobrevida. Resultados: A maior parte dos pacientes (55,6%) tinha proteinúria na faixa nefrótica no momento do diagnóstico. Os distúrbios subjacentes mais frequentes foram a febre familiar do Mediterrâneo (FFM, 21,2%) e a artrite reumatoide (10,6%) no grupo de desfecho bom e a malignidade (20%) no grupo de desfecho ruim. Somente a pressão arterial diastólica no grupo de desfecho bom e o nível de fósforo no grupo de desfecho ruim foram mais elevados. Os níveis séricos de creatinina aumentaram após o tratamento em ambos os grupos, enquanto a proteinúria diminuiu no grupo de desfecho bom. O aumento na creatinina sérica e a diminuição na TFGe do grupo de desfecho ruim foram mais significativos no grupo de desfecho bom. No momento do diagnóstico, 18,5% e 27,2% de todos os pacientes tinham doença renal crônica avançada (estágios 4 e 5, respectivamente). A duração média da sobrevida renal foi de 65 ± 3,54 meses. Entre todos os pacientes, 27,1% iniciaram tratamento de diálise durante o período de seguimento e 7,4% de todos os pacientes foram submetidos a transplante renal. Níveis elevados de pressão arterial sistólica [taxas de risco (HR) 1,03, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1 a 1,06, p = 0,036], creatinina sérica (HR 1,25, IC 95%: 1,07 a 1,46, p = 0,006) e excreção urinária de proteínas (HR 1,08, IC 95%: 1,01 a 1,16, p = 0,027) foram preditores de doença renal terminal. A mediana da sobrevida de pacientes com comprometimento de órgãos foi de 50,3 ± 16 meses. Conclusão: O presente estudo indicou que a FFM constituiu uma grande proporção de casos e crescente quantidade de pacientes com amiloidose AA idiopática. Adicionalmente, observou-se que a sobrevida do paciente não foi afetada pelas diferentes causas etiológicas na amiloidose AA.

El análisis de orina como herramienta diagnóstica en casos de malaria grave / Urinalysis as a diagnostic tool in severe malaria

Resumen La malaria produce complicaciones y muerte especialmente en poblaciones con acceso limitado a la atención en salud. La malaria grave puede reconocerse tempranamente mediante la detección en la orina de hallazgos como la hematuria, la coluria y la proteinuria. Se hizo una revisión narrativa basada en estudios sobre malaria grave y el empleo del análisis de orina mediante la consulta de 91 publicaciones. Mediante el análisis de la orina, se pueden detectar alteraciones metabólicas y lesiones en distintos órganos. En estudios recientes en Colombia se ha confirmado su utilidad como apoyo en el diagnóstico de la disfunción renal, la disfunción hepática y la anemia asociada con hemólisis, las cuales son complicaciones frecuentes en la malaria. El examen constituye una herramienta de fácil aplicación en la consulta ambulatoria y en pacientes hospitalizados para reconocer tempranamente casos complicados, y permite la detección oportuna de diferentes lesiones en el paciente con malaria, contribuyendo así a la reducción de la morbilidad grave y la mortalidad.

Abstract Malaria accounts for a significant morbidity and mortality rate around the world, especially in communities with limited access to healthcare. Some clinical signs in urine, like haematuria, coluria and proteinuria, help for the early diagnosis of severe malaria cases. A narrative review was conducted by analyzing 91 publications on studies about severe malaria cases and the use of urinalysis. A urinalysis can detect metabolic disturbances and organ injury. Its diagnostic utility for frequent complications caused by malaria, such as hepatic injury, kidney dysfunction and hemolysis, has been confirmed by recent Colombian studies. This test is an easy-to-use tool in outpatient clinics and with hospitalized patients to promptly recognize complicated cases, allowing the timely identification of different lesions in patients with malaria, thus contributing to the reduction of severe morbidity and mortality.

Hiv and hepatitis c virus coinfection. Who is this patient today? / Coinfecção por HIV e o vírus da hepatite C. Qual o perfil deste paciente hoje?

ABSTRACT Background - The increase in the survival following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seen the emergence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, renal and cardiovascular diseases as important morbidity and mortality causes together with HIV. Objective - The present study aimed to investigate the differences between HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected and HIV-monoinfected regarding demographic and clinical aspects from a HIV/AIDS clinic in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Methods - Review of medical records of 1,030 HIV infected individuals aged 18 years or more in an urban HIV/AIDS clinic based in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Clinical and demographical Data were collected from the records of the patients attended between March 2008 and December 2012. Results - The present study is a cross-sectional study among HIV-infected patients attended at a public HIV/AIDS clinic in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the present study cohort was 11.8% (CI 95%: 9.9%-13.8%). Hypertension and pathological proteinuria were more common in the coinfected compared to monoinfected group. By the other hand, dyslipidemia were more common among monoinfected patients. There was no difference between the groups regarding CD4+ count or HIV-RNA. Variables significant in the univariate analysis with P<0.05 were further analyzed using a Poisson regression model with robust variance. Coinfected were likely to be older, with lower lipid levels and higher prevalence of pathological proteinuria compared to HIV-monoinfected patients. Although coinfected patients had higher prevalence of tenofovir-based regimen, there was a strong association between hepatitis C virus individuals to pathological proteinuria and dyslipidemia. Conclusion - Clinicians should recognize that coinfected and monoinfected individuals are different groups regarding the traditional and HIV-related risk factors and should be managed and screened individually in order to prevent cardiovascular and renal complications.

RESUMO Contexto - O aumento da sobrevida após a introdução da terapia antirretroviral nos pacientes vivendo com HIV tem como consequência o aparecimento de doenças emergentes nestes pacientes, como a hepatite pelo vírus C, doenças renais e cardiovasculares. Objetivo - O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar as diferenças entre monoinfectados por HIV e coinfectados por HIV/virus da hepatite C, considerando aspectos demográficos e clínicos de pacientes atendidos em uma clínica de HIV/AIDS em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Métodos - Revisão de prontuários médicos de 1.030 indivíduos vivendo com HIV em uma clínica especializada em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram coletados a partir dos registros dos pacientes atendidos entre março de 2008 e dezembro de 2012 na referida clínica. Resultados - O presente estudo é um estudo transversal com indivíduos vivendo com HIV, atendidos em um serviço municipal de HIV/AIDS em Porto Alegre, Brasil. A prevalência de hepatite pelo vírus C na presente coorte de estudo foi 11,8% (IC 95%: 9,9%-13,8%). Hipertensão e proteinúria patológica eram ocorrências mais comuns em coinfectados do que monoinfectados. Por outro lado, dislipidemia foi mais comuns entre monoinfectados. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto contagem de linfócitos CD4 totais ou HIV-RNA. Variáveis significativas na análise univariada com P<0,05 foram ainda analisadas usando um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Coinfectados eram mais velhos, com os níveis de lipídios mais baixos e maior prevalência de proteinúria patológica em comparação com indivíduos monoinfectados. Apesar de os coinfectados apresentarem maior prevalência de estarem em uso de regime contendo tenofovir, houve uma forte associação dos indivíduos infectados pelo vírus da hepatite C com proteinúria patológica e ausência de dislipidemia. Conclusão - Clínicos devem reconhecer que coinfectados e monoinfectados pertencem a grupos diferentes quanto aos fatores de risco tradicionais e aqueles associados ao HIV, devendo estes serem manejados e rastreados de forma individual, para prevenir complicações cardiovasculares e renais.

Diagnóstico de infección por VIH por el hallazgo incidental de alteraciones ultraestructurales en una biopsia renal: Report of one case / Ultrastructural alterations in renal biopsy leading to the diagnosis of HIV infection

HIV infection has different clinical presentations. We report a 21-year-old male with longstanding isolated microscopic hematuria attributed to thin glomerular basement membrane disease, who after 15 years of follow-up presented with significant proteinuria. A kidney biopsy was performed, revealing the presence of tubulo-reticular inclusions in the glomerular endothelial cells. This finding led to suspect an HIV infection, which was verified. Antiretroviral therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blockers were prescribed. At 6 years of diagnosis the patient is asymptomatic and has normal kidney function. Microscopic hematuria and low level proteinuria persists.

Proteinuria en gammapatías monoclonales / Proteinuria in monoclonal gammopathies

La presencia de proteínas en la orina se denomina proteinuria, en adultos se define clínicamente por una excreción urinaria de proteínas superior a 150 mg en 24 horas y se produce por una alteración en la barrera de filtración glomerular, que permite el escape de las proteínas en la orina. La proteinuria es frecuente en diferentes enfermedades, particularmente en las gammapatías monoclonales. Los criterios para el diagnóstico de estas entidades incluyen la presencia de células plasmáticas anormales en la médula ósea, una proteína monoclonal en suero aumentada, una proteína monoclonal en orina o lesiones osteolíticas. Para el diagnóstico, evaluación y monitoreo del tratamiento de las gammapatías monoclonales se realizan los estudios electroforéticos de proteínas plasmáticas o proteinogramas séricos y urinarios, técnica que permite la separación de proteínas en función de su migración diferencial al ser sometidas a un campo eléctrico(AU)

The presence of protein in urine is called proteinuria in adults is clinically defined by a urinary excretion of more than 150 mg in 24 hours and proteins occurs by a change in the glomerular filtration barrier, which allows the escape of proteins in urine. Proteinuria is common in various diseases, particularly monoclonal gammopathies. The criteria for diagnosis of these entities include the presence of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, a monoclonal protein increased serum, a monoclonal protein in urine or osteolytic lesions. For diagnosis, evaluation and treatment monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies, electrophoretic studies proteins plasma or serum and urinary proteinograms technique that allows separation of proteins based on their differential migration when subjected to an electric field is performed(AU)

The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio is a reliable indicator for evaluating complications of chronic kidney disease and progression in IgA nephropathy in China

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the correlation between the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the urine and 24-hour urine proteinuria and whether the ratio can predict chronic kidney disease progression even more reliably than 24-hour proteinuria can, particularly in primary IgA nephropathy. METHODS: A total of 182 patients with primary IgA nephropathy were evaluated. Their mean urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and 24-hour proteinuria were determined during hospitalization. Blood samples were also analyzed. Follow-up data were recorded for 44 patients. A cross-sectional study was then conducted to test the correlation between these parameters and their associations with chronic kidney disease complications. Subsequently, a canonical correlation analysis was employed to assess the correlation between baseline proteinuria and parameters of the Oxford classification. Finally, a prospective observational study was performed to evaluate the association between proteinuria and clinical outcomes. Our study is registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and the registration number is ChiCTR-OCH-14005137. RESULTS: A strong correlation (r=0.81, p<0.001) was found between the ratio and 24-hour proteinuria except in chronic kidney disease stage 5. First-morning urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios of ≥125.15, 154.44 and 760.31 mg/g reliably predicted equivalent 24-hour proteinuria ‘thresholds’ of ≥0.15, 0.3 and 1.0 g/24 h, respectively. In continuous analyses, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio was significantly associated with anemia, acidosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypercholesterolemia and higher serum cystatin C. However, higher 24-hour proteinuria was only associated with hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia. Higher tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis scores were also associated with a greater albumin-to-creatinine ratio, as observed in the canonical correlation analysis. Finally, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio and 24-hour proteinuria were associated with renal outcomes in univariate analyses. CONCLUSION: This study supports the recommendation of using the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, rather than 24-hour proteinuria, to monitor proteinuria and prognosis in primary IgA nephropathy.

Experimental models of renal dysfunction in female rats. Functional and histological aspects after unilateral nephrectomy or ligation of right renal vein with kidney preservation

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compare renal dysfunction after right nephrectomy and ligation of the right renal vein with preservation of kidney. METHODS: Animals' weight, pH, density, protein in urine and histological samples of the kidneys were evaluated. Fifteen female rats (Wistar) were divided into three groups. In the control group, right renal vein dissections were performed. In the second group, the right nephrectomy was performed. In the third group, the right renal vein was ligated and the kidney was preserved. Urine samples were taken before, three and seven days after the procedure. On the seventh postoperative day the kidneys were removed to histopathological study. Analysis by Student's t test was performed. RESULTS: weight loss, alterations of urine pH (p<0.05), in specific gravity, proteinuria (p<0.05) were found in groups 2 and 3; hemorrhagic infarction and edema were found after ligation of the right renal vein; changes in the left kidney were also observed on the seventh day. CONCLUSIONS:.

Comparison of Urinary Protein Creatinine Index (uPCI) and Dipsticks for the Prediction of Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Cigarette Smokers.

Background: Proteinuria is recognized as one of the earliest sign of renal function deterioration in chronic smokers. Proteinuria occurs due to alteration in glomerular permeability and later due to failure of reabsorption of filtered protein by the tubular cells. Normally, most healthy adults excrete 20 – 150 mg of protein in urine over 24 hours. However, it is difficult to collect 24 hrs urine samples. Objectives: To advocate the use of PCI (protein creatinine index) in assessment of proteinuria and to compare dipstick result with PCI in the assessment of proteinuria in chronic cigarette smokers. Material & Methods: A total of 30 cigarette smokers and 40 age and sex matched controls were included for the study. A random specimen of urine collected from each cigarette smoker and non- smoker was tested quantitatively by manual sulfosalicylic acid colorimetric method for the estimation of protein concentration. Creatinine concentration in each specimen was measured by modified Jaffe’s method and the urinary PCI was calculated. Results: Normal range of PCI which has been established in this study is 50 to 259. Significantly higher amounts of protein were found to be excreted in urine in chronic smokers (9.313 ± 4.003 mg/dl) as compared to healthy non smokers (7.738 ± 2.05 mg/dl). On comparison of PCI between healthy non smoker and chronic smoker subjects, PCI has been found to be significantly elevated in chronic smokers (healthy non smoker- 118.32 ± 56.86, chronic smoker- 180.1 ± 88.23) (p=0.001). Conclusion: PCI of random urine sample can provide a very useful, simple and convenient method for the quantitative assessment of proteinuria to confirm the advent of kidney damage, avoiding the drawbacks of 24 hrs urine collection.

Alto rendimiento clínico entre albuminuria semicuantitativa y proteinuria de 24 horas en pacientes con sospecha de síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo / High clinical performance between semiquantitative albuminuria and 24-hour proteinuria in patients with suspected hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy

ANTECEDENTES: La evaluación precisa de la proteinuria constituye un pilar importante para el diagnóstico del síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo (SHE). El estándar dorado para esta medición es la recolección de orina en 24 horas, pero debido a la duración de la toma de la muestra, alternativas como la albuminuria semicuantitativa se utiliza con mayor frecuencia en los servicios de urgencia de nuestro país. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la albuminuria semicuantitativa y su asociación con proteinuria de 24 horas en pacientes con SHE. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 145 pacientes con sospecha de SHE atendidas en el Hospital Padre Hurtado, Chile. A todas las pacientes se le realizó albuminuria semicuantitativa (categorizada entre 0+ y 4+) y proteinuria de 24 horas (positivo si >0,3 gramos/24 horas). Se realizó análisis por grupos compuestos de albuminuria semicuantitativa y resultado positivo en proteinuria de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció una sensibilidad de 50%, especificidad de 100%, VPP de 100%, VPN de 65,7%, LR+ de 50 y un LR- de 0,5. CONCLUSIÓN: La albuminuria semicuantitativa ≥2+ muestra una fuerte asociación con proteinuria ≥0,3 g/24 horas y es un método rápido para evaluar SHE.

BACKGROUND: One of the basis for the diagnosis of pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome (PIHS), includes the precise evaluation of proteinuria. The gold standard for its evaluation is the collection of a 24-hour urine specimen, but because it is a slow method, other alternatives, such as semi-quantitative albuminuria have been used more frequently on our emergency rooms. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of semi-quantitative albuminuria and its association with proteinuria measured in a 24-hour urine specimen collection, in patients with PIHS. METHODS: Retrospective study of 145 patients with clinical suspicion of PIHS who assisted to Hospital Padre Hurtado, Chile. Semi-quantitative albuminuria (categorized as 0 to 4+) and proteinuria measured in a 24-hour urine specimen collection was measured on every patient. Abnormal values of proteinuria were considered when values exceeded 0.3 g/24 hours. Composite outcomes analysis was done between albuminuria groups and positive proteinuria in 24 hrs. RESULTS: Sensibility and specificity of semi-quantitative albuminuria was of 50% and 100%, respectively, with a PPV: 100%, NPV: 65.7%, LR+: 50 and a LR-: 0.5. CONCLUSION: semi-quantitative albuminuria ≥2+ shows a strong association with proteinuria ≥0.3 g/24 hours and it could be used as a fast method to assess PIHS.

Effect of maternal diabetes on female offspring / Efeito do diabetes materno na prole feminina

Objective To evaluate the effect of maternal diabetes on the blood pressure and kidney function of female offspring, as well as if such changes exacerbate during pregnancy. Methods Diabetes mellitus was induced in female rats with the administration of streptozotocin in a single dose, one week before mating. During pregnancy, blood pressure was measured through plethysmography. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the animals were placed for 24 hours in metabolic cages to obtain urine samples. After the animals were removed from the cages, blood samples were withdrawn. One month after pregnancy, new blood and urine sample were collected. Kidney function was evaluated through proteinuria, plasma urea, plasma creatinine, creatinine excretion rate, urinary flow, and creatinine clearance. Results The female offspring from diabetic mothers showed an increase in blood pressure, and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate in relation to the control group. Conclusion Hyperglycemia during pregnancy was capable of causing an increase in blood pressure and kidney dysfunction in the female offspring. .

Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do diabetes materno sobre a pressão arterial e a função renal da prole feminina, bem como verificar se as alterações observadas se exacerbam durante a prenhez. Métodos O diabetes mellitus foi induzido em ratas com a administração de estreptozocina em dose única, uma semana antes do cruzamento. Durante a prenhez, foram feitas medidas da pressão arterial por pletismografia. No 20o dia da prenhez, os animais foram colocados durante 24 horas em gaiolas metabólicas para obtenção de amostras de urina. Após a retirada dos animais das gaiolas, foram obtidas amostras de sangue. Um mês após a prenhez, foram obtidas novas amostras de sangue e urina para as determinações. A função renal foi avaliada por meio de proteinúria, ureia plasmática, creatinina plasmática, carga excretada de creatinina, fluxo urinário e clearance de creatinina. Resultados As fêmeas da prole de mães diabéticas apresentaram elevação da pressão arterial e redução do ritmo de filtração glomerular em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusão A hiperglicemia durante a gestação foi capaz de causar elevação da pressão arterial e disfunção renal na prole de sexo feminino. .

Isolated Proteinuria in Hepatitis A Versus E Virus (HAV vs HEV) Infected Patients: A Hospital Based Observational Study.

Introduction: Viral hepatitis, either acute or chronic, may lead to nephropathies as one of its multiple extrahepatic complications which often remain clinically silent for a long period and are overlooked. Proteinuria can be a useful tool for early detection of the underlying renal impairment. This study was undertaken to detect the presence of proteinuria and to assess and compare the level of proteinuria in HAV and HEV- infected cases; the two most common causes of acute hepatitis in Bangladesh. Method: For this 100 diagnosed patients of HAV & HEV (50 each) hepatitis were screened for isolated proteinuria in a random spot urine sample during their 3rd to 4th post-ecteric follow ups. Result: 43% HAV and 45% HEV patients had high spot urinary protein with maximum incidence (54 %) occurring in 3rd decades of life. The pattern of isolated proteinuria was significantly different in HAV vs HEV cases. The mean ± SD value of spot urinary protein of HEV females was significantly higher than that of HAV where highest rate (64%) of mild proteinuria was observed in HAV and maximum number (46%) of moderate proteinuria in HEV patients. Conclusion: Spot urinary protein concentration should be checked quantitatively in every HEV as well as HAV- hepatitis patient even when clinically improved.

Marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos / Vascular and renal damage markers observed in urine from obese children and adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: la microalbuminuria es considerada un marcador de disfunción endotelial, daño vascular, daño renal y enfermedad cardiovascular, considerada un factor de riesgo independiente de morbilidad y mortalidad. De igual manera, la proteinuria ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de enfermedad renal crónica, y un predictor de todas las causas de mortalidad. Ambas, son relativamente frecuentes en los sujetos obesos. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: se presenta un estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo que incluyó a niños y adolescentes obesos atendidos en consulta de referencia "Obesidad y riñón", en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana. El estudio fue realizado en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. Se determinaron marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina (microalbuminuria y proteinuria). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa SPSS versión 13,0. RESULTADOS: solo a un paciente se le identificó proteinuria (0,5 %); sin embargo, al determinar la microalbuminuria, se encontró que más de la mitad (70,8 %) tenía este marcador de daño vascular y renal positivo. En el análisis histopatológico de la biopsia renal del paciente con proteinuria se encontró glomerulomegalia con lesión segmentaria de esclerosis y adherencia a la cápsula de Bowman. CONCLUSIONES: los niños y adolescentes obesos tienen una elevada frecuencia de positividad de marcadores de daño vascular y renal, fundamentalmente microalbuminuria.

INTRODUCTION: microalbuminuria is considered to be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, vascular damage, renal damage and cardiovascular disease in addition to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Similarly, proteinuria has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic renal disease and a predictor of all causes of mortality. Both are relatively frequent in obese subjects. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of vascular and renal markers in the urine from obese children and adolescents. METHODS: prospective, observational and analytical study of obese children and adolescents seen at the reference service called obesity and kidney in the teaching pediatric hospital of Centro Habana. The study was conducted from January 2009 through December 2012. Vascular and renal markers were determined in the urine (microalbuminuria and proteinuria). The statistical analysis was based on SPSS program version 13.0. RESULTS: there was just one patient detected with proteinuria (0.5 %); however, in the microalbuminuria test, it was found that over half of the patients (70.8 %) were positive to this vascular and renal damage marker. In the histopathological analysis of the renal biopsy taken from the patient with proteinuria, segmental glomerulosclerosis and adhesion to Bowman's capsule was discovered. CONCLUSIONS: obese children and adolescents have very frequent positivity to vascular and renal damage markers, mainly microalbuminuria.

Hypertension, pregnancy and weather: is seasonality involved? / Hipertensão, gestação e clima: a sazonalidade contribui?

Objective: The present study aimed at assessing the association between environmental temperature and the relative humidity of the air with frequency of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods: A prospective and retrospective, descriptive, ecological study was held at a teaching maternity in Recife, Brazil. Data from all 26.125 pregnant women admitted between 2000 and 2006 were analysed and 5.051 had the diagnosis of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. The incidence percentages were calculated monthly per deliveries. Data on mean monthly temperature and relative humidity of the air were collected and monthly comparisons were conducted. February was chosen as the reference month due to its lowest incidence of the disease. The relative chance of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy for each other month was estimated by odds ratio and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relation between the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the mean monthly temperature and relative air humidity. Results: February presented the lowest mean monthly incidence (9.95%) and August the highest (21.54%). Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a higher incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the cooler months (r= -0.26; p=0.046) and no significant effect of relative air humidity (r=0.20; p=0.128). Conclusion: The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy may be affected by variations in temperature, increasing during cooler periods. .

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e a incidência de síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais. Métodos: Um estudo ecológico, prospectivo e retrospectivo, foi conduzido em uma maternidade-escola, na cidade do Recife, Brasil. Dados de todas as 26.125 gestantes, admitidas entre os anos de 2000 e 2006, foram analisados e 5.051 mulheres tiveram o diagnóstico de síndrome hipertensiva gestacional no momento da admissão. A incidência percentual foi calculada mensalmente, por número de partos. Dados referentes à temperatura média mensal e umidade relativa do ar mensal foram coletados e comparações feitas mês a mês quanto à incidência da doença. O mês de fevereiro foi escolhido como mês de referência por conta da sua menor incidência. O risco relativo de síndrome hipertensiva gestacional para cada outro mês foi calculado por odds ratio e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi utilizado para calcular a relação entre a incidência da doença e a média mensal de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Resultados: O mês de fevereiro apresentou a menor incidência mensal da doença (9,95%) e agosto, a maior (21,54%). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson demonstrou maior incidência de síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais nos meses mais frios (r= -0,26; p=0,046), e nenhum efeito significativo da umidade relativa do ar (r=0,20; p=0,128). Conclusão: A incidência de síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais parece ser afetada por variações na temperatura, com menor incidência nos períodos mais frios. .

Síndrome de HELLP normotensivo: caso clínico / Normotensive HELLP syndrome: Report of one case

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) represents a severe form ofpreeclampsia associated with serious maternal and fetal morbiditiesand even death. Usually HELLP syndrome appears during the evolution of a severepreeclampsia; however HELLP syndrome can have atypical clinical manifestations.We report a 22-year-old female who consulted at 20 weeks of pregnancy for lumbarpain, dysuria and fever. A urinalysis revealed the presence of white blood cells. Thepatient was admitted to hospital and treated with antimicrobials. Forty eight hoursafter admission a proteinuria of 440 mg/24 h was detected. A severe pre eclampsia-HELLP syndrome was diagnosed. However the patient remained with normal bloodpressure. An elevation of liver enzymes and creatinine were observed. Five dayslater fetal death was confirmed and an abortion was induced. The patient requireda platelet transfusion. Four days after the abortion, the patient was discharged ingood conditions.

Effect of castration on renal glycosaminoglycans and their urinary excretion in male and female rats with chronic renal failure

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a variety of processes in the kidney, and evidence suggests that gender-related hormones participate in renal function. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of GAGs, gender, and proteinuria in male and female rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). GAGs were analyzed in total kidney tissue and 24-h urine of castrated (c), male (M), and female (F) Wistar control (C) rats (CM, CMc, CF, CFc) and after 30 days of CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc). Total GAG quantification and composition were determined using agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Renal GAGs were higher in CF compared to CM. CRFM presented an increase in renal GAGs, heparan sulfate (HS), and proteinuria, while castration reduced these parameters. However, CRFF and CRFFc groups showed a decrease in renal GAGs concomitant with an increase in proteinuria. Our results suggest that, in CRFM, sex hormones quantitatively alter GAGs, mainly HS, and possibly the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to proteinuria. The lack of this response in CRFMc, where HS did not increase, corroborates this theory. This pattern was not observed in females. Further studies of CRF are needed to clarify gender-dependent differences in HS synthesis.

Predicting 24-hour urinary protein excretion in Afro-Caribbean Barbadians by comparing urine protein excretion over different durations versus spot collection / Predicción de la excreción de proteína en orina de 24 horas en Barbadenses Afrocaribeños mediante la comparación de la excreción de proteínas en la orina en diferentes períodos de tiempo frente a la recogida al azar

AIM: The gold standard for the determination of proteinuria, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease, is the measurement of protein in a 24-hour urine collection. However, this method has been shown to be unreliable mainly due to poor compliance of sampling by patients. This study investigates other appropriate means of predicting 24-hour urinary protein excretion in a sample of Afro-Caribbeans in Barbados by assessing the correlation of actual and estimated urinary protein excretion between a 24-hour urine collection sample, 12hour (AM and PM) and spot (AM and PM) urine collections. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A convenient sample of 30 healthy participants of Afro-Caribbean origin between the ages of 21 and 55 years was recruited for the study. The 24-hour urine samples and anthropometric data were collected as documented in the study's standard clinical procedure. A 24-hour urine sample was collected as two separate 12hour AM and PM samples. In addition, two spot samples (AM and PM) were taken during each 12hour sample collection period. Analysis of the urinary protein and creatinine was done with a Roche/Hitachi Modular System (Roche Diagnostics, IN, USA). SPSS version 19 was used to analyse the data to make inferences. RESULTS: Thirty Afro-Caribbean persons participated in the study: 16 females and 14 males. The average age and body mass index (BMI) were 38 ± 17 years and 25.32 ± 5.98 kg/m², respectively. The Spearman Rho's correlation was used to interpret associations of the urinary parameters in 24-hour collected sample and the other samples. The strongest correlation of the protein:creatinine ratio in the 24-hour collected sample to the other samples was observed with the 12hour AM sample (r = + 0.743, p < 0.01) followed by the 12hour PM sample (r = +0.672, p < 0.01). On analysing gender, the more significant correlations found were among the males for the 12hour timed samples with r = +0.945, p < 0.01 and r = +0.736, p < 0.01 for the AM and PM samples, respectively. There were very strong correlations between the 24-hour urinary protein excretion and the estimated 24-hour protein excretion from the 12hour AM and PM samples (r = +0.846, p < 0.01 and r = +0.637, p < 0.01, respectively). Both males and females had the strongest correlation for the estimation of 24-hour protein excretion in the 12hour AM sample (r = +0.795, p < 0.01 and r = +0.965, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of a 12hour timed sample, specifically the morning sample, may be a more convenient way to assess proteinuria in the Afro-Caribbean population. This method allows for a quicker assessment of proteinuria which not only allows earlier diagnosis of renal disease but may also reduce the clinical cost of the disease's management.

OBJETIVO: La regla de oro para la determinación de la proteinuria - un factor de riesgo independiente para las enfermedades cardiovasculares y renales - es la medición de la proteína en una recogida de la orina de 24 horas. Ha quedado demostrado que este método es poco confiable debido principalmente al pobre cumplimiento del muestreo por parte de los pacientes. Este estudio investiga otros medios adecuados para predecir la excreción urinaria de 24 horas de proteínas en los afrocaribeños de Barbados, evaluando la correlación real y estimada de la excreción urinaria de proteínas entre una muestra de recogida de orina de 24 horas, 12 horas (AM y PM) y las recogidas de orina al azar (AM y PM). SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Una muestra conveniente de 30 participantes sanos de origen afrocaribeño de edades entre 21 y 55 años fue reclutada para el estudio. Se obtuvieron muestras de orina de 24 horas y datos antropométricos como se indica en el procedimiento clínico estándar del estudio. Se recogió una muestra de orina de 24 horas, separadas en dos muestras de 12 horas AM y 12 horas PM. Además, se tomaron dos muestras al azar (AM y PM) durante cada periodo de recogida de muestras de 12 horas. El análisis del proteína urinaria y la creatinina urinaria se realizó con un sistema analítico modular Roche/Hitachi. La versión 19 de SPSS se utilizó para analizar los datos con el fin de hacer inferencias RESULTADOS: Treinta personas afrocaribeñas participaron en el estudio: 16 mujeres y 14 hombres. La edad promedio y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) fueron 38 ± 17 años y 25.32 ± 5.98 kg/m², respectivamente. La correlación Spearman Rho fue utilizada para interpretar las asociaciones de los parámetros urinarios en la muestra recogida de 24 horas y las otras muestras. La correlación más fuerte de la relación proteína: creatinina en la muestra recogida de 24 horas con respecto a las otras muestras, se observó en la muestra de 12 horas AM (r = +0.743, p < 0.01), seguida por la muestra de la 12 horas PM (r = +0.672, p < 0.01). En el análisis de género, las correlaciones más significativas fueron aquellas encontradas entre los varones para las muestras cronometradas de 12 horas con r = +0.945, p < 0.01 y r = +0.736, p < 0.01 para las muestras de AM y PM, respectivamente. Hubo correlaciones muy fuertes entre la excreción de proteína urinaria de 24 horas y la excreción de proteína de 24 horas estimada de las muestras de 12 horas AM y PM (r = +0.846, p < 0.01 y r = +0.637, p < 0.01, respectivamente). Tanto los varones como las hembras mostraron una fuerte correlación con respecto al estimado de la excreción proteica de 24 horas en la muestra de 12 horas (r = +0.795, p < 0.01 and r = +0.965, p < 0.01, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN: El uso de muestras cronometradas de 12 horas - específicamente la muestra de la mañana - puede ser una manera más conveniente de evaluar la proteinuria en la población afrocaribeña. Este método permite una evaluación más rápida de la proteinuria, la cual no solamente permite un diagnóstico más temprano de la enfermedad renal, sino que también hace posible reducir el costo clínico del tratamiento de la enfermedad.